Introduction 1
Chapter 1 Overview of Ethical and Professional Conduct in Canadian
Law Enforcement 4
A Brief History of Law Enforcement 5
Ethics, Professionalism, and Legitimacy 10
Ethics and Law Enforcement by Private Security 14
Discretion, Power, and Public Service 16
An Overview of Morality and Contemporary Society 19
The Issues of Misconduct and Corruption 22
Responding to Ethical Concerns in Law Enforcement 29
Chapter Summary 34
Key Concepts 35
Links to Further Information 35
Self-Evaluation 36
References 37
Chapter 2 Morals, Ethics, Values, and Ethical Decision Making 39
Ethical Conduct and the Public 40
The Importance of Moral Conduct 44
The Importance of Morals, Ethics, and Values in Law
Enforcement 44
Major Ethical Theories and Systems 46
Ethical Dilemmas in Law Enforcement 55
Tools for Resolving Ethical Dilemmas 58
Chapter Summary 63
Key Concepts 63
Links to Further Information 64
Self-Evaluation 64
References 65
Chapter 3: Core Values, Codes of Conduct, and Investigative
Issues 67
Core Values of Law Enforcement 68
Codes of Conduct 70
Ethics and Investigative Issues 73
Chapter Summary 87
Key Concepts 87
Links to Further Information 88
Self-Evaluation 89
References 90
Chapter 4: The Ethical and Professional Law Enforcement Officer 92
New Recruits: Developing the Ethical and Professional Law Enforcement
Officer 93
Promoting Diversity 110
Law Enforcement Training and Ethics 119
Chapter Summary 124
Key Concepts
Links to Further Information 125
Self-Evaluation 126
References 127
Chapter 5: The Law Enforcement Environment: On- and Off-Duty
Challenges 130
Occupational Subculture and the Law Enforcement Officer 131
On- and Off-Duty Challenges 136
Issues Specific to the Law Enforcement Environment 144
Chapter Summary153
Key Concepts 154
Links to Further Information 154
Self-Evaluation 155
References 156
Chapter 6: Decision Making and the Use of Force 158
Law Enforcement and the Use of Force 159
Use of Force: Models and Frameworks 161
The Process of Decision Making and the Use of Force 166
Firearms and the Use of Deadly Force by Law Enforcement in
Canada 169
Public Scrutiny and Concerns of Trust 170
Research Surrounding the Use of Force by Law Enforcement 171
The Practice of Using Force by Law Enforcement 176
Similarities and Differences in the Use of Deadly Force 183
The Effect of Community Policing on Occupational Subculture 186
Decision Making and the Pursuit of Fleeing Motor Vehicles 187
Chapter Summary 192
Key Concepts 192
Links to Further Information 193
Self-Evaluation 194
References 195
Chapter 7: Accountability and Oversight 199
Accountability and Oversight in Canada 200
The Birth of Civilian Oversight 207
Professional Standards Units within Police Agencies 209
Commissions of Inquiry 210
Models of Investigation for Allegations of Misconduct 210
Investigating Police Shootings and Allegations of Serious Injury, Death, or
Sexual Assault 216
Examples of Civilian Oversight bodies for Serious Allegations 219
The RCMP Complaint and Review Process for All Provinces and
Territories 223
The Need for Further Accountability and Oversight 226
Chapter Summary 230
Key Concepts 231
Links to Further Information 231
Self-Evaluation 232
References 233
Chapter 8: Indigenous Peoples and Law Enforcement 236
Indigenous Communities and Law Enforcement 237
Indigenous Law Enforcement Initiatives across Canada 244
Autonomous Indigenous Police Agencies 250
Responding to Events on Indigenous Lands in Ontario 252
Indigenous Communities and Restorative Justice 256
Chapter Summary 259
Key Concepts 260
Links to Further Information 260
Self-Evaluation 261
References 262
Chapter 9: Correctional and Jail Services 265
Correctional Officers and the Process from Arrest to Jail Services 266
Profile of an Offender in Canada 268
Correctional Officer Duties and Responsibilities 270
At-Risk Populations in Correctional Facilities 281
Inside the Walls: Discretion, Respect, and Relationships 287
Public Notification 291
Chapter Summary 293
Key Concepts 294
Links to Further Information 294
Self-Evaluation 295
References 297
Chapter 10: Moving Forward: Fostering an Ethical and Professional
Workplace 299
Investigating and Limiting Law Enforcement Misconduct 300
Organizational Culture: The Importance of Ethical Leadership 311
Oriented towards Customer Service 318
Chapter Summary 322
Key Concepts 322
Links to Further Information 323
Self-Evaluation 324
References 325
Afterword: Building Community Partnerships: Legitimacy, Trust, and
Confidence 328
Index 333
