Preface
Chapter 1 Introduction
Introduction
Differentiated Pathways of Black Migrations
Definition of Terms
Power
Political
Ideological
Race
Racism
Colonialism and wealth-building
Race and intersectionality Racialization
Privilege Whiteness
Woke and anti-wokeness
Anti-Black racism
Conclusion
Questions for consideration
Chapter 2 Historical context of oppression and enslavement
Introduction
Enslavement of Blacks in Canada
Black Migrations to Canada
Segregation as a Strategy for Creating Stereotypes
Jim Crow Laws
Segregated and Economic Development of Communities
The Caribbean Domestic Worker Program
The Impact of Black Family Separations Across Centuries
The decimation of the Black family
Disruption in the mother-child bond
The impact on marriages
Economic destabilization
Producing stereotypes of Black women
Producing the trope of the absent Black father Interruption of cultural transmission
Negative Representation of Blackness—Anti-Black Racism in Canada
Imposition of Racial Markers and Identities
Examples of Academic Programs of BCYF
Black Inventions
Conclusion
Questions to Consider
Case Study
Case Study Questions
Tips for Working with Black Children, Youth, and Families (BCYF)
Additional Resources
Chapter 3 The Context of Black Canadian Children, Youth, and Families
The Systemic Factors that Produce Unique Contexts for Black Children, Youth, and Families (BCYF)
Whiteness and Child Welfare
Service Professional Preparation
Race and the Ethic of Care
Bioecological Systems and Racism
Anti-Blackness and Service Professionals
Conclusion
Questions to Consider
Case Study
Case Study Questions
Additional Resources
Chapter 4 Power, Law, Economics, and Child Welfare
Access to Social and Economic Resources and Family Development
Pathways to Child Welfare Involvement—Schools
Racism, Legal Doctrine, and Child Welfare
Policing and Child Welfare
History of Policing Black Bodies and Whiteness
The White Passport and Manufacturing Crisis in Black Communities
The Unjust Nature of Child ‘Welfare’ Processes
Contact Between Black and White Women—Power and Child Welfare
Systemic Injustices, Immigration, and Parenting Styles
Immigration and the Black family
White Females and Immigration
Families in a New Land
Conclusion
Questions to Consider
Case Study
Case Study Questions
Additional Resources
Chapter 5 Mental Health and Well-Being of Black Children, Youth, and Families
Police Brutality
Schooling and Well-Being
Schooling and the Erasure of Black Childhoods
Black Girls and Schooling
Resistance and Black Girl Magic
Black Boys as Performers
Black Children, Disabilities, and Schooling
Inadequate Assessment Tools
Black Children, Racism, and Mental Well-Being
Reconceptualizing the Bioecological Model
Conclusion
Questions to Consider
Case Study
Case Study Questions
Additional Resources
Chapter 6 The Role of Assessments in Addressing Racial Trauma Forms of Trauma
Media, Racial Trauma, and Identity
Racial Trauma and Complex Racial Trauma
Foster care and racial trauma
Impact of complex racial trauma
Racism Against Black LGBTQ+ Youth
Racism and Identity
Assessments
Factors to consider in assessing Black youth
Assessments and child welfare
Resilience in Black communities
Working with BCYF to Address Racial Trauma
Stage 1: Address racism
Stage 2: Identify key issues
Stage 3: Validate feelings
Stage 4: Identify strengths and assets
Stage 5: Set goals
Stage 6: Identify strategies for dealing with racist encounters
Conclusion
Questions to Consider
Case Study
Case Study Questions
Additional Resources
Chapter 7 Black Community Strengths, Capacities, and Forms Of Cultural Wealth
Religion in Black Communities
Black Family Structures and Roots
Food, Love, and Soul
Black Inventions
Improving Black Mental Health
Black Hair and Mental Health
Resilience, Agency, and Determination
Reframing Narratives of the Black Family
Conclusion
Questions to Consider
Case Study
Case Study Questions
Additional Resources
Chapter 8 Articulating New Paradigms for Working with Black Children, Youth, And Families
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)
Behavioural Assessment for Children of African Heritage (BACAH)
Racially Affirming Models of Care (RAMC)
Trauma-Informed Approaches
Racial Identity Socialization
Conclusion
Questions to Consider
Case Study
Case Study Questions
Additional Resources
Chapter 9 Addressing Race and Racism in Working with Black Children, Youth, and Families
Centring Strengths and Possibilities
Practitioner Development
Reconceptualizing Care
Anti-Oppressive and Anti-Racist Relational
Practice
Race in Relational Care and Practice
Conclusion
Questions to Consider
Case Study
Case Study Questions
Additional Resources
Chapter 10 Positive Black Racial Identity Socialization
The Role of Parents in Racial Socialization
Service Practitioner’s Role in PBRI Socialization
Transformative Resistance and PBRI
Example of a Racially Affirming Model of Care (RAMC)
Systemic and institutional analysis
Environmental analysis
PBRI socialization
Racial trauma counselling
Advocacy
Future-oriented skills development
Conclusion
Questions
Additional Resources
Glossary
References
